UTE  PASSAGE.

 

WELLS & FARGO COMPANY EXPRESS BANK ,VIRGINIA CITY  1866.

 

MANGAS  COLORADAS.

BIRTH  1791 -Silver City, Grant County, New Mexico, USA

DEATH  18 Jan 1863 (aged 71–72) - Hurley, Grant County, New Mexico, USA

BURIAL -Mangas Cemetery Grant County, New Mexico

Native American Tribal Chief. Eastern Chiricahua or Mimbreno Apache War Chief of Southwest. His Spanish name means "Red-Sleeves", so named because he always wore a red shirt. 

Standing over 6 feet, he was unusually tall for an Apache Indian. He was considered courageous, wise, generous, and always sought peace. Some believe he was a legend in his own time. 

Mangas Coloradas was a peaceful man until 1837 when the Mexican Government offered a $100 bounty for each Apache Indian scalp. This resulted in a massacre of his band or tribe by greedy anglo-American fur trappers. 

Later, American gold miners of the Pinos Altos mining camp in New Mexico tied him to a tree and whipped him with bull-whips, further intensifying his hatred of the white race. In 1862 during a raid against white settlers in his homeland he suffered a gunshot wound to the chest; surviving, he once again sought peace. Although he signed many treaties none of them were honored by the United States Government. 

Also in 1862, he along with his son-in-law Cochise, defended Apache Pass against United States General James H. Carleton and his troops. Mangas Coloradas was a skilled strategist in guerrilla warfare. In 1863 General Joseph West imprisoned him during peace talks and he was killed at Fort Mclane in Southwestern New Mexico.by United States Army troops. After he was killed they cut off his head.

Bedford W. Sipes.

 NANA

Apache War Chief  Born c.1810 - Died May 19, 1896 

Fort Sill, Indian Territory

Known among the Mimbreno Apache as Kas-tziden, War Leader, Nana was born in 1800. He grew up to marry Geronimo’s sister and fought alongside Mangas Coloradas until Mangas was killed in 1863.

During the Apache Indian Wars, he raided areas of Texas and Mexico with Victorio. Though Nana had been with Chief Victorio when he was killed in the fall of 1880 at Tres Castillos, Mexico, he and several others were scouting for supplies and ammunition at the time, evading the ambush. After coming upon the dead warriors, Nana and his followers fled for the Sierra Madre Mountains of Mexico and soon devised a revenge campaign.

At his 80,formed his own war party with the Chihenne (Warm Springs Apache), enlisting loitering warriors in the reservations. His band joined by 15 Tsokanende, 12 Mescalero warriors and a couple of Navajo, plus women and children, began raiding Army supply trains and isolated settlers. In less than a month Nana fought seven or eight battles stretching over the course of 1,000 miles and killed 30-40 Americans, at least as many Mexicans, captured about 200 horses to replace 100 ridden to death and then fled back to Mexico.

Nana has a special reputation among Apache war chiefs. He was still an active warrior well into his eighties. He had tenacity, stamina, courage and an uncanny ability to improvise in a fight to minimize his losses. He showed no mercy in battle, yet could be considerate when dealing with civilians.

 When Nana was executing guerrilla tactics in the 1880s, he was half blind, crooked from arthritis, but once he sat in the saddle, he rode "like the devil

 

RED  CLOUD.

Red Cloud (1822-1909) was an Oglala Lakota chief who  fought against the US government to preserve his people’s territory and way of life. He was born in Nebraska..

In the 1860s, Red Cloud led a coalition of Native American tribes in a fight against the US government’s efforts to build forts and highways in the Powder River region of present-day Montana and Wyoming. During Red Cloud’s War, he and his supporters killed numerous US Army personnel and forced the government to abandon many forts.

Red Cloud was also influential in the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, which granted the Lakota sovereignty over a large portion of their traditional territory in present-day South Dakota’s Black Hills region.

Notwithstanding his achievements, Red Cloud faced enormous challenges in the years that followed as the US government began to impinge on Native American territory and resources. He devoted the most of his later life to advocating for his people’s rights and preserving Lakota customs and culture.

Red Cloud is remembered today as a bold leader and skilled negotiator who fought to protect his people’s way of life in the face of adversity. His legacy continues to inspire Native Americans and anybody who wishes to understand and preserve the history and customs of indigenous people

 

BASS  REEVES   -  THE  FIRST  BLACK U.S  DEPUTY MARSHAL  IN ARKANSAS TERRITORY WEST TO MISSISIPI RIVER.

Born to slave parents in 1838 in Crawford County, Arkansas, Bass Reeves would become the first black U.S. Deputy Marshal west of the Mississippi River and one of the greatest frontier heroes in our nation’s history.

Owned by a man named William Reeves, a farmer and politician, Bass took the surname of his owner, like other slaves of the time. His first name came from his grandfather, Basse Washington.

 When the Civil War broke out, Texas sided with the Confederacy, and George Reeves went into battle, taking Bass with him.

During these years of the Civil War, Bass parted company from Reeves; some say because Bass beat up George after a dispute in a card game. Others believe that Bass heard too much about the “freeing of slaves” and ran away. In any event, Bass fled to Indian Territory (Oklahoma), where he took refuge with the Seminole, Cherokee, and Creek Indians, learning their customs, languages, and tracking skills. He also honed his firearm skills, becoming very quick and accurate with a pistol. 

Freed” by the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and no longer a fugitive, Reeves left Indian Territory and bought land near Van Buren, Arkansas, where he became a  farmer and rancher. A year later, he married Nellie Jennie from Texas  Raising five girls and five boys. During this time, oral history states that Reeves sometimes served as a scout and guide for U.S. Deputy Marshals going into Indian Territory on business for the Van Buren Federal Court, which had jurisdiction over Indian Territory.

Reeves  moved to Fort Smith, Arkansas, and Isaac C. Parker was appointed as Judge on May 10, 1875. At that time, the Indian Territory had become exceptionally lawless as thieves, murderers, and anyone wishing to hide from the law took refuge in the territory that previously had no federal or state jurisdiction.

Eighty miles west of Fort Smith was known as “the deadline,” and whenever a deputy marshal from Fort Smith or Paris, Texas, crossed the Missouri, Kansas & Texas track, he took his own life in his hands, and he knew it. On nearly every trail would be found posted by outlaws a small card warning certain deputies that if they ever crossed the deadline, they would be killed. Reeves has a dozen of these cards, which were posted for his special benefit. And in those days, such a notice was no idle boast, and many an outlaw has bitten the dust trying to ambush a deputy on these trails.”

One of Parker’s first official acts was to appoint U.S. Marshal James F. Fagan as head of some 200 deputies he was then told to hire. Fagan heard of Bass Reeves’ significant knowledge of the area, as well as his ability to speak several tribal languages, and soon recruited him as a U.S. Deputy.

Working among other lawmen that would also become legendary, such as Heck Thomas, Bud Ledbetter, and Bill Tilghman, Reeves began to ride the Oklahoma range in search of outlaws. Covering some 75,000 square miles, the United States Court at Fort Smith was the largest in the nation.

An imposing figure, always riding on a large white stallion, Reeves began to earn a reputation for his courage and success at bringing in or killing many desperadoes of the territory. 

Sometimes appearing as a cowboy, farmer, gunslinger, or outlaw himself, he always wore two Colt pistols, butt forward for a fast draw. Ambidextrous, he rarely missed his mark.

Leaving Fort Smith, often with a pocketful of warrants, Reeves would return months later, herding several outlaws charged with crimes ranging from bootlegging to murder. Paid in fees and rewards, he would make a handsome profit before spending a little time with his family and returning to the range once again.

In 1896, Reeves’ wife died in Fort Smith, and the following year he was transferred to the Muskogee federal court in Indian Territory. In 1900 he married for a second time to a woman named Winnie Sumter.

Reeves was never known to show the slightest excitement, under any circumstance. He does not know what fear is.”

In 1907, state agencies assumed law enforcement, and Reeves’ duties as a deputy marshal ended. Next, Bass took a job as a patrolman with the Muskogee, Oklahoma Police Department. During the two years he served in this capacity, there were reportedly no crimes on his beat. Reeves’ diagnosis with Bright’s disease finally ended his career when he took to his sickbed in 1909. He died on January 12, 1910, and was buried in the Agency Cemetery at Muskogee, Oklahoma, but the exact location of his grave is unknown. According to Find a Grave, it is on private property and unmarked.

This universally respected man’s lengthy and glowing obituary described him as “absolutely fearless and knowing no master but duty.”

Over the 35 years that Bass Reeves served as a Deputy United States Marshal, he earned his place in history by being one of the most effective lawmen in Indian Territory, bringing in more than 3,000 outlaws and helping to tame the lawless territory. Killing some 14 men during his service, Reeves always said that he “never shot a man when it was not necessary for him to do so in the discharge of his duty to save his own life.”

When those old gunfighters are sittin’ around up there in Valhalla discussing who was the best of em all the name Bass Reeves is sure to be among the top picks. U.S. Deputy Marshal Bass Reeves was born into slavery but ran away and headed north to the Indian Territory...

GREEK TRANSLATION

Γεννημένος από γονείς σκλάβους το 1838 στην κομητεία Crawford του Αρκάνσας, ο Bass Reeves θα γινόταν ο πρώτος μαύρος DEPUTY MARSHAL των ΗΠΑ δυτικά του ποταμού Μισισιπή και ένας από τους μεγαλύτερους ήρωες στα σύνορα στην ιστορία.

Ο Bass πήρε το επώνυμο του ιδιοκτήτη του (Reeves), όπως και άλλοι σκλάβοι της εποχής. Το μικρό του όνομα προήλθε από τον παππού του, Basse Washington.

 Όταν ξέσπασε ο Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος, το Τέξας τάχθηκε στο πλευρό της Συνομοσπονδίας και ο Τζορτζ Ριβς πήγε στη μάχη, παίρνοντας μαζί του τον Μπας.

Κατά τη διάρκεια αυτών των χρόνων του Εμφυλίου Πολέμου, ο Bass αφησε τον Reeves. κάποιοι λένε επειδή ο Μπας χτύπησε τον Τζορτζ μετά από μια διαμάχη σε ένα παιχνίδι με χαρτιά. Άλλοι πιστεύουν ότι ο Μπας άκουσε πάρα πολλά για την «απελευθέρωση των σκλάβων» και έφυγε τρέχοντας. Σε κάθε περίπτωση, ο Μπας κατέφυγε στην Ινδική Επικράτεια (Οκλαχόμα), όπου εζησε με τους Ινδιάνους Seminole, Cherokee και Creek, μαθαίνοντας τα έθιμά τους, τις γλώσσες και τις δεξιότητες παρακολούθησης. Εγινε αριστος σκοπευτής με την καραμπίνακαι πολύ γρήγορος και ακριβής με το πιστόλι.

Απελευθερωμένος» από τη Διακήρυξη της Ελευθερίας των σκλάβων το 1863 και όχι πια φυγάς, ο Ριβς άφησε την Ινδική Επικράτεια και αγόρασε γη κοντά στο Βαν Μπούρεν του Αρκάνσω, όπου έγινε  αγρότης και κτηνοτρόφος. Ένα χρόνο αργότερα, παντρεύτηκε τη Nellie Jennie από το Τέξας και απέκτησε πέντε αγόρια και πέντε κορίτσια. Κατά τη διάρκεια αυτής της περιόδου, η προφορική ιστορία αναφέρει ότι ο Ριβς μερικές φορές χρησίμευε ως ανιχνευτής και οδηγός για τους αναπληρωτές στρατάρχες των ΗΠΑ που πήγαιναν στην Ινδική Επικράτεια για επαγγελματικούς λόγους για το Ομοσπονδιακό Δικαστήριο του Van Buren, το οποίο είχε δικαιοδοσία στην Ινδική Επικράτεια.

Ο Ριβς μετακόμισε στο Φορτ Σμιθ του Αρκάνσας και ο  Ισαάκ Κ. Πάρκερ διορίστηκε ΔΙΚΑΣΤΗΣ στις 10 Μαΐου 1875. Εκείνη την εποχή, η Ινδική Επικράτεια είχε γίνει εξαιρετικά άνομη καθώς κλέφτες, δολοφόνοι και όποιος ήθελε να κρυφτεί από το νόμο κατέφυγε στην περιοχή που προηγουμένως δεν είχε ομοσπονδιακή ή κρατική δικαιοδοσία.

Ογδόντα μίλια δυτικά του Φορτ Σμιθ ήταν γνωστή ως «deadline» και όποτε ένας ανθρωπος του νόμου από το Φορτ Σμιθ ή το Παρις του Τέξας διέσχιζε την περιοχή του Μισούρι, του Κάνσας και του Τέξας, έπαιρνε τη ζωή του στα χέρια του και το ήξερε. Σχεδόν σε κάθε μονοπάτι  βρισκόταν αναρτημένη από τους παράνομους μια μικρή πινακίδα που τους προειδοποιούσε  ότι αν περάσουν ποτέ την περιοχή, θα σκοτωθούν.Μια ντουζίνα από αυτές τις κάρτες υπήρχαν για τον Ριβς για την δουλεια που εκανε.Και εκείνες τις μέρες, μια τέτοια πινακίδα δεν ήταν απλά απειλή, και πολλοί παράνομοι εφαγαν πολύ  σκόνη προσπαθώντας να στήσουν ενέδρα σε έναν άνθρωπο του νόμου σε αυτά τα μονοπάτια».

Μία από τις πρώτες επίσημες ενέργειες του Πάρκερ ήταν να διορίσει σαν US MARSHAL τον Τζέιμς Φ. Φάγκαν ως επικεφαλής περίπου 200 βοηθών που του είπαν στη συνέχεια να προσλάβει. Ο Fagan άκουσε για τις σημαντικές γνώσεις του Bass Reeves για την περιοχή, καθώς και για την ικανότητά του να μιλά πολλές  διαλέκτους και σύντομα τον προσέλαβε ως βοηθό του .

Δουλεύοντας μεταξύ άλλων ανθρώπων του νόμου που θα γίνονταν επίσης θρυλικοί, όπως ο Heck Thomas, ο Bud Ledbetter και ο Bill Tilghman, ο Reeves άρχισε να γυρνάει την περιοχή της Οκλαχόμα αναζητώντας παρανόμους. Καλύπτοντας περίπου 75.000 τετραγωνικά μίλια, το Δικαστήριο των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών στο Φορτ Σμιθ ήταν το μεγαλύτερο στο έθνος.

Μια επιβλητική φιγούρα, πάντα καβάλα σε έναν μεγάλο λευκό επιβήτορα, ο Ριβς άρχισε να κερδίζει τη φήμη για το θάρρος και την επιτυχία του να φέρει ή να σκοτώνει πολλούς παράνομους της περιοχής.

Μερικές φορές εμφανιζόμενος ως καουμπόι, αγρότης, οπλοφόρος ή παράνομος, φορούσε πάντα δύο πιστόλια Colt, με τις λαβές εμπρός για γρήγορο τράβηγμα. Αμφιδέξιος, σπάνια έχανε το στόχο του.

Φεύγοντας από το Φορτ Σμιθ, συχνά με μια τσέπη από εντάλματα, ο Ριβς επέστρεφε μήνες αργότερα, βρίσκοντας αρκετούς παρανόμους που κατηγορούνταν για εγκλήματα που κυμαίνονταν από λαθρεμπόριο μέχρι φόνο. Πληρωμένος σε αμοιβές και ανταμοιβές, θα έβγαζε ένα καλό κέρδος προτού περάσει λίγο χρόνο με την οικογένειά του και επιστρέψει ξανά στο πεδίο.

Το 1896, η σύζυγος του Reeves πέθανε στο Fort Smith και τον επόμενο χρόνο μεταφέρθηκε στο ομοσπονδιακό δικαστήριο Muskogee στην Ινδιάνικη Επικράτεια. Το 1900 παντρεύτηκε για δεύτερη φορά μια γυναίκα που ονομαζόταν Γουίνι Σάμτερ.

Ο Ριβς δεν ήταν ποτέ γνωστό ότι έδειχνε τον παραμικρό ενθουσιασμό, σε καμία περίπτωση. Δεν ηξερε τι είναι φόβος».

Το 1907, οι κρατικές υπηρεσίες ανέλαβαν την επιβολή του νόμου και τα καθήκοντα του Ριβς ως Deputy Marshal τελείωσαν. Στη συνέχεια, ο Μπας πήρε δουλειά σε περιπολικο στο αστυνομικό τμήμα του Muskogee της Οκλαχόμα. Κατά τη διάρκεια των δύο ετών που υπηρέτησε με αυτή την ιδιότητα, δεν υπήρξαν αδικήματα σύμφωνα με την υπηρεσία του.Ο Ριβς διαγνώστηκε με τη νόσο του Μπράιτ και τελείωσε τελικά την καριέρα του κλινήρης πια το 1909.

Πέθανε στις 12 Ιανουαρίου 1910 και θάφτηκε στο νεκροταφείο του Agency στο Muskogee της Οκλαχόμα, αλλά η ακριβής τοποθεσία του τάφου του είναι άγνωστη. Σύμφωνα με το Find a Grave, βρίσκεται σε ιδιωτική περιουσία και χωρίς σήμα.

Περιγράφεται ως σεβαστός και η λαμπερή παρουσία του τον θέλει ως «απολύτως ατρόμητο που δεν γνωρίζει κανέναν αφέντη παρά καθήκον».

Στα 35 χρόνια που ο Μπας Ριβς υπηρέτησε ως US DEPUTY MARSHAL  κέρδισε τη θέση του στην ιστορία, καθώς ήταν ένας από τους πιο αποτελεσματικούς Lawmen στην Ινδιάνικη τοτε Επικράτεια, συλλαμβάνοντας περισσότερους από 3.000 παρανόμους και βοηθώντας στο να επιβάλουν τον νομο στην παράνομη περιοχή. Σκοτώνοντας περίπου 14 άντρες κατά τη διάρκεια της υπηρεσίας του, ο Ριβς πάντα έλεγε ότι «ποτέ δεν πυροβόλησε έναν άνθρωπο όταν δεν ήταν απαραίτητο να το εκανε κατά την εκπλήρωση του καθήκοντός του η να σώσει τη ζωή του».

Όταν αυτοί οι παλιοί Πιστολέρο κάθονται εκεί στη Βαλχάλα και συζητούν ποιος ήταν ο καλύτερος όλων, το όνομα Μπας Ριβς είναι σίγουρο ότι θα είναι ανάμεσα στις κορυφαίες επιλογές. Ο Bass Reeves γεννήθηκε στη σκλαβιά, αλλά έφυγε και πήγε βόρεια στην Ινδιάνικη Επικράτεια...

 

LOUIS  L ÁMOUR     -    BUCKSKIN  RUN   1981.

Land of the free...

In this unique collection of tales, Louis L'Amour captures the frontier experience as it lives forever in the American imagination.

A young woman heads west to marry, only to find her intended fiancé the subject of dark rumors....

Vowing to stay out of trouble, a young cowhand rides to get some calico for his girlfriend's new dress. But trouble finds him when he runs afoul of two men, one of whom is a vicious murderer....

A wily old sheriff comes to arrest the last surviving member of an infamous clan. Caught in a sudden and treacherous blizzard, they make the unlikeliest of partners in a desperate struggle for survival that teaches them the true meaning of courage, honor, friendship--and justice.

These are just some of the unforgettable characters whose adventures are collected in this magnificent volume.

 

LOUIS  L ÁMOUR   -  WESTWARD  THE  TIDE  1977.

The promise was gold, a lot of it, waiting in the Big Horn Mountains. The plan was to head out with a handpicked party and nothing but the best in wagons, stock, and goods. Matt Bardoul bought in because the girl he wanted was there. But the tall, rugged man in buckskin sensed there was something wrong even before someone tried to warn him off--and someone else tried to gun him down. Sure enough, as the wagon train journeys westward, a deadly plot unfolds. Now Bardoul is the only man standing between innocent people and a brutal conspiracy of greed, lust, and cold-blooded murder.

 

LOUIS  L'AMOUR   -   COMSTOCK  LODE  1981.

It was just a godforsaken mountainside, but no place on earth was richer in silver. For a bustling, enterprising America, this was the great bonanza. The dreamers, the restless, the builders, the vultures–they were lured by the glittering promise of instant riches and survived the brutal hardships of a mining camp to raise a legendary boom town. But some sought more than wealth. Val Trevallion, a loner haunted by a violent past. Grita Redaway, a radiantly beautiful actress driven by an unfulfilled need. Two fiercely independent spirits, together they rose above the challenges of the Comstock to stake a bold claim on the future.

 

LOUIS  L'AMOUR  -   HELLER  WITH A GUN   1955.

Tom Healy was in trouble. His theatrical troupe needed to get to Alder Gulch, Montana, and the weather was turning. Andy Barker promised Tom he could get them there safely, but Tom was reluctant to trust him: he had the lives of three actresses to consider, and his personal feelings for Janice further heightened his concern. Then King Mabry showed up. Although Tom didn’t like the way he looked at Janice, he could see that Mabry made Barker uneasy. So Tom invited Mabry to join them. Tom was right to be worried, because Barker had a plan. He knew that the wagons carried something more than actors and scenery. He and his men were going to steal it any way they could. And that included murder

 

LOUIS  L'AMOUR  -  THE GAME OF DEATH  1965.

He had led the posse for miles through the desert, but now Matt Keelock was growing desperate. He was worried about Kristina. His trip to the town of Freedom for supplies had ended in a shoot-out. If caught, he would hang. Even though Kris could handle a horse and rifle as well as most men, the possibility of Oskar Neerland's finding her made Matt's blood run cold. He knew that the violent and obsessive Neerland, publicly embarrassed when Matt had stepped in and stolen Kris away, would try to kill them both if given half a chance. Matt tried to convince himself that Neerland had returned to the East. But Matt was wrong. Miles away in the town of Freedom, Oskar Neerland was accepting a new job. In his first duty as marshal, he would lead the posse that was tracking down Matt Keelock.

A hanging party rules the badlands and a lone rider races for his life. Falsely accused of back-shooting a man as he stood sipping whiskey in a saloon, Matt Keelock takes on a posse of angry men with no more backup than his smoking Colt and a sure-footed horse. It's one against many--but there's a hundred twists to every trail as the posse suddenly finds the hunters have turned into the hunted.

                    




    

LOUIS  L'AMOUR     -   THE EMPTY  LAND  1969.

On the edge of the frontier, boomtowns like Confusion sprang up overnight. Here honest men came to work the mines, while thieves, gamblers and outlaws worked on them. But in Confusion there was more at stake than law and order--the mines themselves were the target of a violent plot. Matt Coburn had cleaned up tough towns before, but he wanted no part of Confusion. Too many enemies knew he was there, too many lies had been told. Now there's only one way out of Confusion for Coburn--a path of honor that could cost him his life.

 

    

LOUIS  L'AMOUR  -  HAUNTED  MESA   1987.

The Navajo called them the Anasazi: an enigmatic race of southwestern cliff dwellers. For centuries, the sudden disappearance of this proud and noble people has baffled historians. Summoned to a dark desert plateau by a desperate letter form an old friend, renowned investigator Mike Raglan is drawn into a world of mystery, violence, and explosive revaltion. Crossing the border beyond the laws of man and nature, he will learn the astonishing legacy of the Anasazi -- but not without a price. Set in the contemporary Southwest, The Haunted Mesa draws on Louis L'Amour's extensive knowledge of Indian lore and mysticism. In this extraordinary book L'Amour tells a tale of epic adventure that takes his readers across the most extraordinary frontier they have ever encountered.

 

QUANAH  PARKER.

COMANCHE LAST LEADER.

In 1836, a 9-year-old pioneer girl named Cynthia Ann Parker was kidnapped during a Comanche raid in North Texas. She was strapped onto the back of a horse and taken north, back into the Plains where the powerful American Indian tribe lived.

Parker became a ward of the chief and later, a full member of the Comanches. She eventually married a highly respected Comanche chief and gave birth to three children, including Quanah — who would grow up to become the last and greatest Comanche leader.

He was reputed to be ruthless, clever, and fearless in battle.

If you go back through Comanche history, you see that they were the ones who stopped the Spanish from coming North," he explains. "Why did the French stop coming west from Louisiana? Comanches. ... Here was why the West Coast and the East Coast settled before the middle of the country. Here was why there was basically a 40-year wait before you could develop the state of Texas or before other Plain states could be developed.

Quanah Parker led Comanche raids against American villages and troops in the 1860s and 1870s, opposing American expansion into Comanche territory. However, he saw that further struggle was pointless and began negotiating with the US government.

Also Comanche had an integral role in preventing — and then opening up — the American West to white settlers.

Quanah Parker led the Comanche tribe until his death in 1911. He is recognized today as a Native American resistance hero and a symbol of the ongoing struggle for Native American rights and recognition. The Quanah Parker Society, which seeks to preserve Comanche history and culture, carries on his legacy.

CROOKED HAND.

PAWNEE CHIEF.

 Crooked Hand, a Pawnee, gained notoriety as the “greatest warrior in the tribe,” anthropologist George Bird Grinnell reported. His son, Dog Chief, went on to serve as a U.S

They say they came from the southwest or south to their Great Plains homes long before living memory.  Evidence says that the Pawnees resided in the Central Plains region for centuries before the historical period.  The Pawnees lived in elevated river terraces and bluff sites along fifty-mile stretch of the Loup and Platte Rivers.  There they gathered wild foods, grew squash, pumpkins, beans, and corn.  They also hunted buffalo on annual hunts.

         Pawnee hunters first saw horses in the late seventeenth or early eighteenth centuries.  When settlers came from Europe, they began trading and giving gifts to the Indians for land to make North America bigger.  The Pawnee leaders met with major U.S. leaders and began so called treaties and agreements that eventually ended up with Pawnee tribes on reservations.  To escape these reservations the warriors joined the United States army as scouts.  They fought against their enemies, the Sioux  , Cheyenne,  Arapahos, Delawares,Comanches, Apaches, and the Kiowas in the 1860s and 1870s.  

 

RAIN IN THE FACE.

The noted Sioux warrior, Rain-in-the-Face, whose name once carried terror to every part of the frontier, died at his home on the Standing Rock reserve in North Dakota on  September 14, 1905.

“I had been on many warpaths but was not especially successful until about the time the Sioux began to fight with the white man. One of the most daring attacks that we ever made was at Fort Totten, North Dakota, in the summer of 1866.

“Hohay, the Assiniboine captive of Sitting Bull, was the leader in this raid. Wapaypay, the Fearless Bear, who was afterward hanged at Yankton, was the bravest man among us. He dared Hohay to make the charge. Hohay accepted the challenge, and in turn dared the other to ride with him through the agency and right under the walls of the fort, which was well garrisoned and strong.

“Wapaypay and I in those days called each other ‘brother-friend.’ It was a life two years later we attacked a fort west of the Black Hills [Fort Phil Kearny, Wyoming].  It was there we killed one hundred soldiers.” [The military reports say eighty men, under the command of Captain Fetterman — not one left alive to tell the tale!]  “Nearly every band of the Sioux Nation was represented in that fight — Red Cloud, Spotted Tail, Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, Big Foot, and all our great chiefs were there. Of course, such men as I were then comparatively unknown.  However, there were many noted young warriors, among them Sword, the younger Young-Man-Afraid, American Horse [afterward chief], Crow King, and others.

 

ONE  BULL.

Born 1853 Tȟatȟáŋka Waŋžíla

Died 1947.

One Bull was adopted by Sitting Bull in 1857 at the age of four His mother was Sitting Bull's sister Good Feather  his father was Makes Room and his brother was White Bull.

One Bull participated in Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876. He arrived with his horse and Sitting Bull's. He rode his mother to safety and then joined the fight. Sitting Bull told him, "Fear nothing. Go straight in". One Bull recounted having killed several fleeing troopers in the battle.[8]:94, 96 He wore his uncle's shield during the Battle of Little Bighorn.[citation needed] One Bull joined his uncle in fleeing to Canada following the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876.

 

BRAVE  BUFFALO  BULL.

Brave Buffalo was born c. 1713 in Hunkpapa on the Great Plains to the Hunkpapa Sioux tribe of Native Americans, and he was well-known for his ferocity in fighting against Spain and rival native tribes, including the Crow and Comanche. 

Brave Buffalo served as the war leader of the tribe in his later years during the 1770s and 1780s, serving on the ruling council of the tribe.

SIOUX  WARRIORS.

 

CHIEF  PONTIAC - Ottawa Chief.

Chief Pontiac, called Obwandiyag by his people, was a great leader of the Ottawa tribe and became famous for organizing Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763–1766). Following the British victory in the French and Indian War, Chief Pontiac organized his and other tribes in the Great Lakes area to rebel against the intrusion on their lands.

Chief Pontiac was assassinated by a Peoria Indian on April 20, 1769. To avenge Pontiac’s death, the Ottawa Indians killed many Peoria Indians.

Siege of Fort Detroit in 1763 by the Ottawa warriors. 

 
Chief Gall – Aggressive Sioux Leader

Chief Gall was one of the most aggressive leaders of the Sioux nation in their last stand for freedom.

When ” Buffalo Bill ” successfully launched his first show, he made every effort to secure both Sitting Bull and Gall for his leading attractions. The military was in complete accord with him in this, for they still had grave suspicions of these two leaders. While Sitting Bull reluctantly agreed, Gall haughtily said: “I am not an animal to be exhibited before the crowd,” and retired to his teepee

 Dull Knife – Northern Cheyenne Chief

The life of Dull Knife, the Cheyenne Chief, is a true hero tale. Simple, child-like yet manful, and devoid of selfish aims, or love of gain, he is a pattern for heroes of any race.

He died in 1883 and was buried on high ground near his home.

            

MANUELITO

died in 1893.

A principal Navajo war chief, Manuelito was born near Bears Ears Peak in southeastern Utah in about 1818 the Navajo gave him the name Hashkeh Naabaah, meaning ″Angry Warrior″.

 

 

AMERICAN HORSE.

One of the wittiest and shrewdest of the Sioux chiefs was American Horse, who succeeded to the name and position of an uncle, killed in the battle of Slim Buttes in 1876.

SIOUX  WARRIORS.

 OSCEOLA . 

Born in 1804 - Died on January 30, 1838

Osceola, the most well-known leader of the Seminole Indians, was born in 1804, in a Creek town near Tallassee, present-day Tuskegee, Alabama. His Creek mother, Polly Copinger, was married to Englishman William Powell.

 

COCHISE :   Died on june 8, 1874.              

One of the most famous Apache leaders to resist Westward Expansion by white settlers was Cochise of the Chiricahua Apache. Cochise was known to his people as A-da-tli-chi, meaning hardwood, and lived in the area that is now the northern Mexican region of Sonora, as well as New Mexico and Arizona. These lands had long been home to the Apache until the Europeans arrived.